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Rarity-weighted richness is a measure that combines endemism and species richness of amphibians, birds, mammals, reptiles and a representative set of plant taxa in each 10 km cell. This index lowers the contribution of wide-ranging species to the overall species richness and thus highlights the areas that have a relatively high proportion of narrow\u2010range species.<\/SPAN><\/SPAN><\/P>

To develop it, species ranges were rasterised at 1 km resolution from polygon maps from the IUCN Red List (IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (2019) Version 2019.2. http://www.iucnredlist.org), the Global Assessment of Reptile Distributions (GARD) (Roll et al. 2017), Version 1.5, https://datadryad.org/stash/dataset/doi:10.5061/dryad.83s7k) and the Botanical Information and Ecology Network (BIEN) database (Enquist et al. in prep. and Maitner et al. 2017, version 4.1. http://bien.nceas.ucsb.edu/bien/biendata/). <\/SPAN><\/SPAN><\/P>

Additional vascular plant species ranges were created from point data from the IUCN Red List (IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (2019) Version 2019.2. http://www.iucnredlist.org), Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI) (https://www.bgci.org/), the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) (https://www.gbif.org/) and iNaturalist (https://www.inaturalist.org). Species range maps were refined, when possible, by removing unsuitable areas using information on species\u2019 habitat preferences and species' known altitudinal limits. Habitats distributions were obtained from the global map of terrestrial habitat types (Jung et al. 2020), while altitudinal data was obtained from the Global Multi-resolution Terrain Elevation Data (GMTED2010) (USGS). For species without habitat preference information, such as those with modelled ranges, anthropogenic land use classes from the map of terrestrial habitat types were used to remove potentially unsuitable areas within their ranges. This refinement process produced Areas of Habitat (AOH) (Brooks et al. 2019) maps for each species.<\/SPAN><\/SPAN><\/P>

Each grid cell of the species\u2019 AOH was then scored by the proportion of the species\u2019 AOH the cell represents (i.e., AOH in grid cell/AOH). The rarity-weighted richness score for each cell was then calculated by summing scores across all species.<\/SPAN><\/SPAN><\/P>

To limit geographic bias, due to the plant data being incomplete, AOH maps were split into 10 representative sets. For each set, the rarity-weighted richness was calculated based on AOH at 10km resolution and scaled between 0 and 1. The average score from these maps was then used to create the final map of rarity-weighted richness. Higher values occur in cells with more species that have smaller ranges (i.e. both the number of species and the degree to which their ranges are restricted contribute to the rarity-weighted richness score).<\/SPAN><\/SPAN><\/P>

References<\/SPAN><\/SPAN><\/P>

Brooks, T. M. et al. (2019). Measuring Terrestrial Area of Habitat (AOH) and Its Utility for the IUCN Red List. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 34:977\u2013986. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2019.06.009 <\/SPAN><\/SPAN><\/P>

Enquist, B.J. et al. (in prep.). Botanical big data shows that plant diversity in the New World is driven by climatic-linked differences in evolutionary rates and biotic exclusion.<\/SPAN><\/SPAN><\/P>

IUCN (2019). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2019.2. <\/SPAN><\/SPAN><\/P>

Jung, M., et al. (2020). A global map of terrestrial habitat types. Nature Scientific Data 7, 256. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41597-020-00599-8<\/SPAN><\/SPAN><\/P>

Maitner, B.S. et al. (2017). The BIEN R package: A tool to access the Botanical Information and Ecology Network (BIEN) database. Methods in Ecology and Evolution; 9:373\u2013379. https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/2041-210X.12861 <\/SPAN><\/SPAN><\/P>

Roll, U. et al. (2017), The global distribution of tetrapods reveals a need for targeted reptile conservation, Nature Ecology & Evolution, 1: 1677\u20131682, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-017-0332-2<\/SPAN><\/SPAN><\/P>

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